Exxon Mobil Corporation, doing business as ExxonMobil, is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas. It is the largest direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil,[2] and was formed on November 30, 1999 by the merger of Exxon (formerly the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey) and Mobil (formerly the Standard Oil Company of New York). ExxonMobil’s primary brands are Exxon, Mobil, Esso, and ExxonMobil Chemical.[3] ExxonMobil is incorporated in Texas.[4] One of the world’s largest companies by revenue, ExxonMobil from 1996 to 2017 varied from the first to sixth largest publicly traded company by market capitalization.[5][6] The company was ranked ninth globally in the Forbes Global 2000 list in 2016.[7] ExxonMobil was the tenth most profitable company in the Fortune 500 in 2017.[8] As of 2018, the company ranked second in the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[9] Approximately, 55.56% of the company’s shares are held by institutions. As of March 2019, ExxonMobil’s largest shareholders include The Vanguard Group (8.15%), BlackRock (6.61%), and State Street Corporation (4.83%). ExxonMobil is one of the largest of the world’s Big Oil companies.[9] As of 2007, it had daily production of 3.921 million BOE (barrels of oil equivalent); but significantly smaller than a number of national companies. In 2008, this was approximately 3% of world production, which is less than several of the largest state-owned petroleum companies.[10] When ranked by oil and gas reserves, it is 14th in the world—with less than 1% of the total.[11][12] ExxonMobil’s reserves were 20 billion BOE at the end of 2016 and the 2007 rates of production were expected to last more than 14 years.[13] With 37 oil refineries in 21 countries constituting a combined daily refining capacity of 6.3 million barrels (1,000,000 m3), ExxonMobil is the largest refiner in the world,[14][15][16] a title that was also associated with Standard Oil since its incorporation in 1870.[2][needs update] ExxonMobil has been criticized for its slow response to cleanup efforts after the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, widely considered to be one of the world’s worst oil spills in terms of damage to the environment. ExxonMobil has a history of lobbying for climate change denial and against the scientific consensus that global warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. The company has also been the target of accusations of improperly dealing with human rights issues, influence on American foreign policy, and its impact on the future of nations.